PCOS is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. To help you better understand this condition, we’ve compiled answers to the most frequently asked questions about PCOS, incorporating the latest research findings.
What is PCOS?
PCOS stands for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. It’s a hormonal disorder characterized by high levels of androgens (“male” hormones) and ovulatory dysfunction. PCOS affects approximately 5-10% of women of childbearing age, making it one of the most common endocrine disorders among pre-menopausal women.
What causes PCOS?
The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but it’s believed to result from a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. These may include epigenetic alterations and in utero programming. Insulin resistance and hormonal imbalances play significant roles in the development of PCOS.
How is PCOS diagnosed?
PCOS is diagnosed using the Rotterdam Criteria, which require the presence of at least two out of three features:
- Irregular or absent ovulation
- Signs of high androgen levels (through symptoms or lab tests)
- Polycystic-appearing ovaries on ultrasound
It’s important to note that having ovarian cysts alone is not sufficient for a PCOS diagnosis.
Can PCOS affect fertility?
Yes, PCOS can impact fertility. It’s one of the leading causes of infertility in women. The hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS can interfere with normal ovulation. However, many women with PCOS can still conceive, either naturally or with the help of fertility treatments.
What are the health risks associated with PCOS?
Recent research has shown that women with PCOS are at increased risk for several health issues:
- Type 2 diabetes
- Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
- Cardiovascular disease
- Eating disorders
Interestingly, the risk profile may vary depending on the PCOS phenotype (normoandrogenic vs. hyperandrogenic).
Can PCOS be cured?
Currently, there is no cure for PCOS. However, its symptoms can be managed effectively through various treatments and lifestyle modifications.
What treatments are available for PCOS?
Treatment options for PCOS include:
- Lifestyle modifications (diet and exercise)
- Hormonal treatments (e.g., combined oral contraceptive pills)
- Insulin-sensitizing medications
- Fertility treatments when pregnancy is desired
Emerging research is exploring new treatments targeting the neurokinin-kisspeptin axis and androgen-activating enzymes.
Is PCOS becoming more common?
Recent studies suggest that the incidence of PCOS has been rising over the past two decades. This increase may be due to broader diagnostic criteria, greater public and medical awareness, and possibly environmental factors. However, PCOS is still likely underdiagnosed in the population.
How does PCOS affect mental health?
Women with PCOS have an increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes, including eating disorders. It’s crucial for healthcare providers to screen for these conditions before recommending lifestyle modifications, as some advice could potentially hinder recovery from eating disorders.
What’s new in PCOS research?
Recent advances in genetics, metabolomics, and adipocyte biology have improved our understanding of PCOS. Key findings include:
- The role of 11-oxygenated androgens in mediating metabolic risk
- Changes in adipocyte structure and function in women with PCOS
- Potential new treatments targeting the neurokinin-kisspeptin axis
These discoveries may lead to more effective diagnostic tools and treatments in the future6.
Understanding PCOS is crucial for effective management and improved quality of life for those affected. If you suspect you have PCOS or have been diagnosed with it, consult with a healthcare professional to develop a personalized management plan.
